The Obama Record

China and the United States

Economic Comparison of China and the United States

There are large differences in the economies and governing systems that are in place in China and the United States. Both have a direct influence on the other; however, government does have more of a role in economics than economics in government. The purpose here is to briefly compare, contrast, comment and think about the reasons for the differences between the United States and China on these subjects:

1.                   GDP per capita

2.                   Unemployment

3.                   Inflation

4.                   Interest Rates

5.                   Economic Freedoms

6.                   Why does the US have an economic output 1.5 larger than China, even though China has 1.3 billion people and the US has only 310,000,000?

GDP per capita is a measure taking the entire GDP of the country, or in other words the whole of a nations consumption, investments, government services and net exports, and dividing it by the total number of people in the country. In 2010 the GDP of the United States was $14.66 trillion dollars; while in China, the world’s second largest economy, it was $5.878 trillion. China’s GDP is 40% the size of the United States GDP. China for a very long time has had the largest population in the world, but only recently in 2010 did it overtake the second largest economy in the world, which was Japan with a GDP of $5.459 trillion and a population of 126,475,000. So why is there such a large difference in the GDP of the United States, Japan and China? Even though put together the United States and Japan still have less than half the people of China both economies were much larger than China’s and still are per capita. The reason is that strong government intervention and restrictions were not in place in the United States as they were in China. China, under the Communist Party leadership was a restricted economy until 1978 when China reformed and opened its economy. This sort of policy had been in place in the United States since the ratification of the constitution. These open policies, which said people were freer to work as they pleased, opened the way for new growth through the important aspect of the economic health of a country, the entrepreneur. Opening the door to the self-starting individual in China spurred growth and has caused the economy to expand by an average of 9.3% annually since 1978. The reason the United States GDP is so much higher is because they adopted the Laissez-faire policies, and largely stuck to them, since the signing of the Constitution in 1787.

This open market policy allows people the right to start their own business and progress as far as they are able. A restricted economy, such as the one previously held in China, does not allow people the freedoms of the entrepreneur. Instead they restrict the opportunities of people and slow economic progress. “Over-regulation lames entrepreneurship more than taxation or recession.”(1) The GDP per capita of the United States in 2010 was $47,200, and in China it was $7,600. Being that it is the second largest economy in the world you would assume that it would be much higher than $7,600 and closer to the U.S. numbers, but because of the size of the population the Chinese economy still has very far to go until it reaches the size per capita of the U.S. It would have to have a GDP of $61.3 trillion dollars. Which China is not expected to hit for many decades to come. When, or if, they ever hit that number they will be the largest economy in the world, with an average level of income matching what we currently enjoy in the United States. This only seems possible though if the United States stops progressing its economic output for the next few decades until China can catch up, which is unlikely. Also, China must have a stale and not a growing population. So it may take much longer than that to match the size of the U.S. economy. It is interesting to note that in the United States only .7%, or 10.7 million, of the workforce is involved in farming, forestry and agriculture combined, while in China 38.1%, or 310.6 million people, are employed in agriculture. And only in the 1980’s after economic reform, did the country become self-sufficient in grain production. The same scenario occurred in Communist Russia, where 30% of the workforce was employed in agriculture and there still was not enough food to feed everyone. (2) This is because the GDP per capita, or the GDP in general, was restricted by government rule. When the government de-regulated the agriculture industry the average real income for the farmers went up tremendously (ibid).

The inflation rate of the United States in 2010 was 1.6%, which was down .3% from 2009. In China, however, the inflation rate was higher at 3.2%, but still down .7%. We are not sure why the inflation rate went down in 2010 other than the idea that government spending went down a smidgen from 2009 to 2010. In 2010 Government Spending went down $42 billion from what it was in 2009. As the economists say “inflation is taxation without legislation.” It is in the best interest of the government that inflation occurs because they will receive more in taxes as the prices of things go up. The more inflation there is the more people get paid to compensate for the inflation; and when they get paid more they are moved into a higher tax bracket. Therefore, inflation causes excess taxes on the population when no laws were passed to raise taxes; the government just had to spend more to effect this change. They don’t seem to realize, however, that too much inflation weakens the economy and does damage to the personal incomes of the people. The 1920’s and 30’s in Germany is the perfect example of this. The Wiemar Republic, which was established after World War One, was charged with repaying billions of German Marks to the French government. They printed so much money and raised inflation so high that the German Mark became worthless and unusable. It was at one point that $130,000,000,000 German Marks was equal to $1 in American money (3), and it only went up from there. This hyperinflation is obviously not occurring presently in the world but it none-the-less shows the crippling effect of too much inflation on an economy. In China they have a system of price fixing. The government fixes the price of their money and it is therefore artificially matched to what they need. It is also therefore very tricky to measure inflation in the country. In the United States the government does not control the value of money but the market does, which is much easier to measure. This is one of the results of the invisible hand at work, the market fixes its own prices and values to its products.

Economic Freedoms have led the United States to the forefront in world economies. If it were not for the free market system that was adopted here in 1787, it is doubtful whether or not this country would have grown at the pace and to the size that it did grow. Without the free market system millions of immigrants would never have come here to build on the American Dream and would have never built the fortunes America is known for. That was the American Dream. Since the early 1900’s, and especially from 1933-36 (the New Deal), government has been increasingly regulating business and trade in the United States. Some things have helped the economy but the vast majority have hindered progress and slowed trade. Economic freedom is somewhat becoming a thing of the past in the United States, although we are still the freest in the world. Increasing government fees and regulations are making it harder for the entrepreneur to start and develop a business. The Chinese have been de-regulating business and the amount of production, employment and GDP have been increasing. Since the 1980’s China has been less severe on business regulation and the economy has been growing steadily. If China would deregulate all of its business their economy would grow even faster than it is right now. However, no economic and political system has ever eliminated poverty and grown the economy faster than the free market system that the United States had in the 1800’s. This is strong evidence that the free market system works better, though not perfectly, than any other system to date.

So now the final question is: Why does the United States have an economic output 1.5 times larger than China, even though China has 1.3 billion people and the United States only has 310,000,000? From what we have discussed already in the paper it seems clear that government intervention is the answer to the question. Communist China controlled all of the means of production and regulated every aspect of business. They had a much smaller economy than the U.S. because of the role government played in the lives of all the people and all the businesses. Ludwig von Mises explains that a farmer does not decide what he want to grow, the same way that the state should not decide what people should sell. Speaking of the farmer he says: “He does not decide the purpose of his production; those for whom he works decide it – the consumers. They, not the producer, determine the goal of economic activity. The producer only directs production towards the goal set by the consumers.” (4) the consumers knows what they want and if government intervention would not play such an active role in economics the economy would direct itself in the direction it wants to go. China, and even recently Cuba, has realized this and is moving away from state controlled business. They began changing their policies and becoming a freer society. Once they did this, once they allowed free agency to enter the system, the economy started to grow rapidly and is now the second largest in the world. Even though the United States is still largely a free country the economic output in the past few years has become almost stagnant due to increasingly strict government regulations. If the United States government continues to follow this path we will end up like the government and economy China had five decades ago. 

Works Cited

1. Wagener, Hans-jurgen; Economic Thought in Communist and Post-Communist Europe, Routledge, 1998, p. 201

2. Ebeling, Richard M., The Global Failure of Socialism; Hillsdale College Press, 1992

                See also: Freidman, Milton; Free To Choose, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc., 1980, p. 3

3. Bullock, Allen; Hitler a Study in Tyranny, Bantam Books, 1961, p. 64

4. Mises, Ludwig von; Socialism an Economic and Sociological Analysis, Liberty Classics, 1981, p. 30

Philosophical Errors of Socialism, part 1: Equality

There are two different types of equality to examine when you discuss it in a sociopolitical aspect. The first is that people are equal to pursue their own personal desires and self-interests, meaning that no one is hindered or promoted any differently than anyone else. The second is that everyone is equal as pertaining to status in society, meaning everyone has the same level of income and can purchase the same thing.

A man should be free to pursue his own self-interest and not worry about interference from either government or any other group or people. The type of equality that says that people are free according to the dictates of their own conscience to do what they want to do, provided that it does not harm anyone else, is the only type of equality that creates jobs and a society free from oppression.

The fact that men are not endowed at birth with equal knowledge, skills, abilities, preferences, opinions, feelings, desires, likes, interests, hobbies or any number of things is plain enough evidence that the second type of equality is nonsense and entirely unattainable. Some people are born lazy while many others are born with energy reserves to last them forever; some are born ambitious while others are born anxious. Some people are born with the desire to succeed and others are born with the desire to get by. Some are born with the ability and will to succeed and others are born with an incapacity for success and disdain for the spotlight. Now the problem is that the socialist society does not see that regulation and government intervention will not ever change these unchallengeable facts. No matter what kind of regulation you have there will always be inequality in these things. "Socialism has always found things that are unalterable in nature, and endeavor, by regulation and reform, to change these things; and in effect they try to change nature, something that is impossible to do."

"Pre-capitalist movements for the reform of property generally culminate in the demand for equality in wealth. All shall be equally rich; no one shall possess more or less than the others. This equality is to be achieved by re-dividing the land and to be made lasting by prohibiting sale or mortgage of land. Clearly, this is not Socialism, though it is sometimes called Agrarian Socialism. “Socialism does not want to divide the means of production at all, and wants to do more than merely expropriate; it wants to produce on the basis of common ownership of the means of production. All such proposals, therefore, which aim only to expropriate the means of production are not to be regarded as Socialism; at best, they can be only proposals for a way to Socialism." - Mises, Socialism, p. 236.The inequality of humans can be traced back to many things, but a perfunctory thought on the subject quickly demonstrates it to be true, people are unequal. No two people are alike in skills, abilities, desires and goals etc..; therefore, to regulate equality in society fails to do anything but cause destruction of the moral standings of man.

Another thing to discuss on the topic of inequality is the inequality of desires and what is considered fair. Some man may believe that for his desires and needs to be met he needs a house and food on the table, while another man may think that for his desires and needs to be met he needs a house, food and a car, and yet another man may believe that for his desires and needs to be met he would need food, a family, a car and some sort of recreation, and yet as many other men as there are can think as many different things are necessary. The list is ever changing with nearly every person you speak to.

Now the question that liberty puts to the socialist is "who is to decide not only what is fair but why?" What one person calls fair and just the next person may call heinous and immoral. Freedom of thought must be discarded at this point. To decide what is fair for everyone interferes with the morality of mankind, for some people who come from different cultures than those passing legislation may have a different view on the subject and completely different perspective on the effects of the judgment. We can plainly see that forcing others into your ideas and values or morality and equality is unfair and unjustifiable. No one should subject anyone, without their conscience decision, to their point of views. This type of rule of law evolves, slowly or quickly, into a dictatorship or oligopoly. The Labor Party of England boasts that it only has 200,000 members in its party, but that those 200,000 members rule and govern a country of 80,000,000. Justice and elitism at its finest.

Inequality is the way of life. If someone lives in a truly free market society they are not limited to stay in any one class of society. The free market allows people who would normally not have a chance at success to have the opportunity to progress freely into wealth, if they have the desire and ability. If they do not they can either learn how to or they can content themselves with their current status in society, or any number of other options. There should not be any punishment for those who do succeed because others cannot succeed, why punish the successful because they were successful? The economic thought of the last few centuries is that someone is only successful when he exploits and steals from someone else. The rich are only rich because they have stolen from the lower classes and forced them into subjection of their will. This is a false idea dreamed up by the victim mentality.

Today in modern America the rich are thought of as the robbers of society’s privileges. They say that the rich stole what made them rich from the poor and subjected them to their system of economical oppression. People who think in terms of equality of freedom to pursue one’s own desires can right away see the flaws in this system. If you don’t want the product that a company is providing don’t buy it, and that would eliminate the idea that big business controls society. Government in the United States has, however, started moving away from this system and implementing laws and regulations to limit this kind of equality. It is becoming increasingly more difficult for a person to start his own business. Nearly every business in almost all industries is regulated by either state or federal law, or both. The ease of breaking these laws unknowingly is becoming increasingly easy all the time. The licenses required to start businesses are becoming more and more expensive, thus less people can afford it. Therefore, government in the United States is the one limiting economic growth of the people, not big business. If you did not have so many laws and regulations on businesses, in every field of business, the victim mentality would not be so strong and prevalent today. The federal and state governments of the United States are limiting the amount of equality among men, even though that is what they are sworn and committed to propagate. In a free society where everyone had an equal opportunity to business ventures the poverty level decreases dramatically. However, when you attempt to regulate and govern every aspect of that society people tend to veer away from the entrepreneurial mentality and lean towards dependence on others. Now, not everyone has the same pecuniary resources as everyone else and therefore cannot begin their business with the amount of revenue and capital as others. This should not deter anyone from starting small and growing large. In the free market society, where everyone is free to pursue their own ventures, the wealthiest men in history have been created and none of them started out in the upper class! The examples of Warren Buffet, Bill Gates, Sam Walton and many others are examples of freedom of equality at its best. These men all started from middle to lower class families and became the wealthiest people in the world. The freedom of equality to pursue one’s own interest has led to this kind of prosperity, not equality of income etc… (Whether or not these businesses are ethical and subject men to freedom or slavery will be seen in another segment of the Philosophical Errors of Socialism.)

 Some people believe that a free market society forms into a monopolistic society where the worker is exploited by the business owner. The truth could not be further away from this statement. Men are free to work where they want and purchase what they want. If a man does not want to work for the big capitalist he does not have to, he can work somewhere else or an even better solution is that he could start his own business and work for himself. If people are opposed to big business, especially monopolies, they are not forced to purchase the products of the big companies in a free society. If this big company truly has a monopoly and is the only source of the product desired it is most likely not a product that is needed to sustain life. Be it oil or phones or cars or whatever the monopoly may produce it is not going to be vital to life. The reasoning behind this statement is that when someone needs something in order to sustain life everyone can, with exerted effort, produce that thing for themself. For example, food is a necessity of life. If someone does not like the food the monopoly is supplying they can generally go out and plant their own garden and grow their own food. If enough people do this the monopoly on food will be destroyed, and the monopoly can do nothing about it. The same is true for housing; if the need is there people can generally build their own houses, just like they did for the last few millennia. Therefore, in a truly free market society monopolies cannot exist; unless there is no one else who would like to venture into that same business or industry, in which case who cares if there is a monopoly! Someone in an important industry will always have competitors. Man can survive without the comforts of modern society, such as cell phones, computers, automobiles, electricity, and so on and so forth.

Thus inequality, in either sense of the term, is a problem for socialists. In its free sense of the term, that being, that everyone is equal to pursue their own desires, is the only way that man can be truly free and happy. In the second sense of the term, that man is equal on all levels of society including wealth is a contradiction to fact and logic. This is a major philosophical error of Socialism.

Obama seeks $1.2 trillion debt limit rise

1-13-2012

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - President Barack Obama formally notified Congress on Thursday that he plans a $1.2 trillion increase in the U.S. debt limit, prompting Republicans to level election-year charges that deficits are out of control.

Obama, in a one-sentence letter to House of Representatives Speaker John Boehner, the top Republican in Congress, said "further borrowing is required to meet existing commitments."

The proposed increase would push the debt ceiling to $16.394 trillion.

The move by the Democratic president, who is seeking re-election in November, gives Congress 15 days to vote on a resolution of disapproval under terms of budget control legislation passed last year.

Lawmakers are unlikely to muster the votes needed to block the boost in U.S. borrowing capacity, so a replay of last summer's debt limit drama that brought the federal government to the brink of default and cost the United States its top-tier credit rating is not expected.

But the increase notification does give Republicans an opportunity to paint Obama as a spendthrift during an election year in which taxes and spending are key issues. They quickly blamed him for a lack of progress in reducing deficits after congressional deficit reduction talks collapsed late last year.

"The President's runaway borrowing threatens the foundation of our economy and the financial future of every hardworking American," said Senator Jeff Sessions, the top Republican on the Senate Budget Committee.

"It brings our nation closer to what the chairs of his own fiscal commission called 'the most predictable economic crisis in its history.'"
Brendan Buck, a spokesman for Boehner, called Obama's request "another reminder that the President has consistently punted on the tough choices needed to rein in the deficit."

Obama originally intended to exercise his authority to raise the debt limit on December 30 but House and Senate leaders asked him to delay the move to allow lawmakers to consider it while they are back in session. House members reconvene in Washington next week.

To allow for the delay, the Treasury Department has had to turn to one of the measures it employed to keep the government afloat last summer - dipping into the Exchange Stabilization Fund, which has a dollar balance of about $22.7 billion.

A Treasury official said other measures, such as suspending the daily reinvestment of assets in a government pension fund, may also be needed until the debt-limit increase is secured.

Senator Orrin Hatch, the top Republican on the Senate Finance Committee, asked Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner in a letter to give details of the extraordinary measures being taken to stay under the limit, which has already been increased by $900 billion since last summer's debt brawl to $15.194 trillion.

(Additional Reporting by Matt Spetalnick and Aruna Viswanatha; editing by Mohammad Zargham)

http://news.yahoo.com/obama-seeks-1-2-trillion-debt-limit-rise-021000271.html

Here is the 2011 Federal Government breakdown of how they spend our money. The source is usaspending.gov

Italics and Underlines are mine. Italics are departments/programs to do away with completely, underlines are departments/programs we can dramatically cut back on.

Agency	Contracts	Grants	Loans and Guarantees	Direct Payments	Insurance	Others	Total Dollars
All other agencies	$1.9B	$1.2B	$-1.3B	$10.1B	$6.9B	$0.0	$18.9B
Department of Agriculture	$5.2B	$30.5B	$633.3M	$26.7B	$627.7M	$592.5M	$64.2B
Department of Commerce	$2.4B	$1.4B	$-22.8K	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$3.8B
Department of Defense	$375.3B	$5.8B	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$40.8M	$381.1B
Department of Education	$1.9B	$22.3B	$0.0	$35.7B	$0.0	$0.0	$59.8B
Department of Energy	$25.0B	$2.1B	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$526.9M	$27.6B
Department of Health and Human Services	$19.4B	$371.1B	$0.0	$1.7B	$0.0	$0.0	$392.2B
Department of Homeland Security	$14.2B	$4.2B	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$18.4B
Department of Housing and Urban Development	$1.7B	$16.3B	$347.0K	$3.7B	$0.0	$0.0	$21.7B
Department of Justice	$7.0B	$2.4B	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$9.4B
Department of Labor	$1.9B	$9.6B	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$11.5B
Department of State	$9.2B	$1.4B	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$1.4B	$12.0B
Department of the Interior	$4.1B	$797.0M	$0.0	$441.1K	$-600.0	$12.6K	$4.9B
Department of the Treasury	$7.1B	$289.7M	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$7.4B
Department of Transportation	$4.8B	$54.6B	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$59.3B
Department of Veterans Affairs	$17.5B	$923.6M	$-229.1M	$43.8B	$1.6B	$5.2B	$68.7B
Environmental Protection Agency	$1.8B	$5.0B	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$6.8B
General Services Administration	$12.1B	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$12.1B
National Aeronautics and Space Administration	$15.4B	$810.5M	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$16.2B
National Science Foundation	$446.5M	$6.1B	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$6.6B
Nuclear Regulatory Commission	$200.5M	$10.0M	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$210.5M
Office of Personnel Management	$1.5B	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$0.0	$1.5B
Small Business Administration	$132.3M	$166.6M	$441.4M	$0.0	$511.8M	$0.0	$1.3B
Social Security Administration	$1.3B	$41.4M	$0.0	$773.1B	$0.0	$0.0	$774.5B
United States Agency for International Development	$4.1B	$9.2B	$11.6M	$52.3M	$19.8K	$20.2M	$13.4B

The Trees and the Axe

A man came into a forest and asked the Trees to provide him a handle for his axe. The Trees consented to his request and gave him a young ash-tree. No sooner had the man fitted a new handle to his axe from it, than he began to use it and quickly felled with his strokes the noblest giants of the forest. An old oak, lamenting when too late the destruction of his companions, said to a neighboring cedar, "The first step has lost us all. If we had not given up the rights of the ash, we might yet have retained our own privileges and have stood for ages."  - Aesop

The Right to Work

This is taken from Ludwig von Mises' book Socialism, p. 51. It is a great book on the flaws and illogical thinking of the socialist mentality.

Where production is perfectly balanced there is no unemployment. Unemployment is a consequence of economic change, and where production is unhindered by the interferences of authorities and trade unions, it is always only a phenomenon of transition, which the alteration of wage rates tends to remove. By means of appropriate institutions, by the extension, for example, of labour exchanges, which would evolve out of the economic mechanism in the unimpeded market—i.e. where the individual is free to choose and to change his profession and the place where he works—the duration of separate cases of unemployment could be so much shortened that it would no longer be considered a serious evil. But the demand that every citizen should have a right to work in his accustomed profession at a wage not inferior to the wage rates of other labour more in demand is utterly unsound. The organization of production cannot dispense with a means of forcing a change of profession. In the form demanded by the socialist, the Right to Work is absolutely impracticable, and this is not only the case in a society based on private ownership in the means of production. For even the socialist community could not grant the worker the right to be active only in his wonted profession; it, also, would need the power to move labour to the places where it was most needed.

Entitlements are not Rights

Ayn Rand interview on the Right of Entitlements

Interviewer: Let me ask you this question about human rights. You’ve spoken favorably about the right to the freedom of speech and other human rights; but I assume you would not ascent to the usual list of rights so much publicized these days, such as: the right to a minimum standard of living, the right to the equality of opportunity, the right to a free education and so on. Why? What is the basis of the distinction?

Ayn Rand: Well there you have a complete contradiction! This concept of rights demands, as a right, values which do not in fact belong to man in nature. In other words, the right to a minimum sustenance means that a man without any effort on his part is entitled to sustain his life. Well since nature does not provide men with a minimum sustenance, the only way of maintaining or implementing such a right would be to breach, infringe and deny the right of some other man. It means that some other man is charged with the un-chosen responsibility to support the man who is guaranteed the minimum sustenance. It means that some men are to be enslaved to the minimum or maximum needs of others. Not only is it a vicious concept but whichever you might wish to call it, it cannot possibly be called a right. Nobody could in fact maintain the right of some men to enslave others.
…Since nobody gets any production, any material values, any physical substance from nature itself, nobody has the right to claim any minimum guarantee because it can come only from other men, and nobody can claim the right to enslave other men.

Have You Ever Seen the List of U.S. Government Entities?

1.       •Access Board

2.       •Administration for Children and Families (ACF)

3.       •Administration for Native Americans

4.       •Administration on Aging (AoA)

5.       •Administration on Developmental Disabilities

6.       •Administrative Committee of the Federal Register

7.       •Administrative Conference of the United States

8.       •Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts

9.       •Advisory Council on Historic Preservation

10.   •African Development Foundation

11.   •Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)

12.   •Agency for International Development

13.   •Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry

14.   •Agricultural Marketing Service

15.   •Agricultural Research Service

16.   •Agriculture Department

17.   •Air and Radiation Hotline

18.   •Air Force

19.   •Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (Treasury)

20.   •Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Bureau (Justice)

21.   •American Battle Monuments Commission

22.   •AmeriCorps Recruiting

23.   •AMTRAK (National Railroad Passenger Corporation)

24.   •Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

25.   •Antitrust Division

26.   •Appalachian Regional Commission

27.   •Architect of the Capitol

28.   •Archives (National Archives and Records Administration)

29.   •Arctic Research Commission

30.   •Armed Forces Retirement Home

31.   •Arms Control and International Security

32.   •Army

33.   •Army Corps of Engineers

34.   •Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Interagency Coordinating Committee

35.   •Atlantic Fleet Forces Command

36.   •Bankruptcy Courts

37.   •Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in Education Foundation

38.   •Bonneville Power Administration

39.   •Botanic Garden

40.   •Broadcasting Board of Governors (Voice of America, Radio|TV Marti and more)

41.   •Bureau of Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade (Treasury)

42.   •Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (Justice)

43.   •Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)

44.   •Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection

45.   •Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)

46.   •Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)

47.   •Bureau of Industry and Security

48.   •Bureau of International Labor Affairs

49.   •Bureau of Justice Statistics

50.   •Bureau of Labor Statistics

51.   •Bureau of Land Management (BLM)

52.   •Bureau of Prisons

53.   •Bureau of Reclamation

54.   •Bureau of the Census

55.   •Bureau of the Engraving and Printing

56.   •Bureau of the Public Debt

57.   •Bureau of Transportation Statistics

58.   •Capitol Visitor Center

59.   •Census Bureau

60.   •Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition

61.   •Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

62.   •Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)

63.   •Central Command (CENTCOM)

64.   •Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

65.   •Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board

66.   •Chief Acquisition Officers Council

67.   •Chief Financial Officers Council

68.   •Chief Human Capital Officers Council

69.   •Chief Information Officers Council

70.   •Citizens' Stamp Advisory Committee

71.   •Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)

72.   •Civilian Radioactive Waste Management

73.   •Coast Guard

74.   •Commerce Department

75.   •Commission on Civil Rights

76.   •Commission on Fine Arts

77.   •Commission on International Religious Freedom

78.   •Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki Commission)

79.   •Committee for Purchase from People Who Are Blind or Severely Disabled

80.   •Committee for the Implementation of Textile Agreements

81.   •Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States

82.   •Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS)

83.   •Community Planning and Development

84.   •Compliance, Office of

85.   •Computer Emergency Readiness Team (US CERT)

86.   •Congressional Budget Office (CBO)

87.   •Congressional Research Service

88.   •Constitution Center

89.   •Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

90.   •Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)

91.   •Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

92.   •Copyright Office

93.   •Corporation for National and Community Service

94.   •Corps of Engineers

95.   •Council of Economic Advisers

96.   •Council on Environmental Quality

97.   •Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces

98.   •Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

99.   •Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims

100.                        •Court of Federal Claims

101.                        •Court of International Trade

102.                        •Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia

103.                        •Defense Acquisition University

104.                        •Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)

105.                        •Defense Commissary Agency

106.                        •Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA)

107.                        •Defense Contract Management Agency

108.                        •Defense Field Activities

109.                        •Defense Finance and Accounting Services (DFAS)

110.                        •Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA)

111.                        •Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)

112.                        •Defense Legal Services Agency

113.                        •Defense Logistics Agency (DLA)

114.                        •Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board

115.                        •Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA)

116.                        •Defense Security Service (DSS)

117.                        •Defense Technical Information Center

118.                        •Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)

119.                        •Delaware River Basin Commission

120.                        •Denali Commission

121.                        •Department of Agriculture (USDA)

122.                        •Department of Commerce (DOC)

123.                        •Department of Defense (DOD)

124.                        •Department of Defense Inspector General

125.                        •Department of Education (ED)

126.                        •Department of Energy (DOE)

127.                        •Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

128.                        •Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

129.                        •Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

130.                        •Department of Justice (DOJ)

131.                        •Department of Labor (DOL)

132.                        •Department of State (DOS)

133.                        •Department of the Interior (DOI)

134.                        •Department of the Treasury

135.                        •Department of Transportation (DOT)

136.                        •Department of Veterans Affairs (VA)

137.                        •Director of National Intelligence, Office of

138.                        •Domestic Policy Council

139.                        •Drug Enforcement Administration

140.                        •Economic Adjustment Office

141.                        •Economic Analysis, Bureau of

142.                        •Economic Development Administration

143.                        •Economic Research Service

144.                        •Economic, Business and Agricultural Affairs

145.                        •Economics and Statistics Administration

146.                        •Education Department

147.                        •Election Assistance Commission

148.                        •Elementary and Secondary Education, Office of

149.                        •Employee Benefits Security Administration (EBSA)

150.                        •Employment and Training Administration

151.                        •Endangered Species Committee

152.                        •Energy Department

153.                        •Energy Information Administration

154.                        •English Language Acquisition Office

155.                        •Engraving and Printing, Bureau of

156.                        •Environmental Management (Energy Department)

157.                        •Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

158.                        •Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

159.                        •European Command

160.                        •Executive Office for Immigration Review

161.                        •Export-Import Bank of the United States

162.                        •Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity (FHEO)

163.                        •Farm Credit Administration

164.                        •Farm Service Agency

165.                        •Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board

166.                        •Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

167.                        •Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

168.                        •Federal Bureau of Prisons

169.                        •Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

170.                        •Federal Consulting Group

171.                        •Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

172.                        •Federal Election Commission

173.                        •Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

174.                        •Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

175.                        •Federal Executive Boards

176.                        •Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council

177.                        •Federal Financing Bank

178.                        •Federal Geographic Data Committee

179.                        •Federal Highway Administration

180.                        •Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac)

181.                        •Federal Housing Finance Agency

182.                        •Federal Interagency Committee for the Management of Noxious and Exotic Weeds

183.                        •Federal Interagency Committee on Education

184.                        •Federal Interagency Council on Statistical Policy

185.                        •Federal Judicial Center

186.                        •Federal Labor Relations Authority

187.                        •Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer

188.                        •Federal Law Enforcement Training Center

189.                        •Federal Library and Information Center Committee

190.                        •Federal Maritime Commission

191.                        •Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service

192.                        •Federal Mine Safety and Health Review Commission

193.                        •Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA)

194.                        •Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae)

195.                        •Federal Railroad Administration

196.                        •Federal Reserve System

197.                        •Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board

198.                        •Federal Student Aid Information Center

199.                        •Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

200.                        •Federal Transit Administration

201.                        •Financial Management Service (Treasury Department)

202.                        •Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, National Commission

203.                        •Fish and Wildlife Service

204.                        •Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

205.                        •Food Safety and Inspection Service

206.                        •Foreign Agricultural Service

207.                        •Foreign Claims Settlement Commission

208.                        •Forest Service

209.                        •Fossil Energy

210.                        •Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board

211.                        •General Services Administration (GSA)

212.                        •Geological Survey

213.                        •Global Affairs (State Department)

214.                        •Government Accountability Office (GAO)

215.                        •Government Ethics, Office of

216.                        •Government National Mortgage Association

217.                        •Government Printing Office (GPO)

218.                        •Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration

219.                        •Harry S. Truman Scholarship Foundation

220.                        •Health and Human Services Department

221.                        •Health Resources and Services Administration

222.                        •Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control Office

223.                        •Helsinki Commission (Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe)

224.                        •Holocaust Memorial Museum

225.                        •Homeland Security Department

226.                        •House Leadership Offices

227.                        •House of Representatives

228.                        •House of Representatives Committees

229.                        •House Office of Inspector General

230.                        •House Office of the Clerk

231.                        •House Organizations, Commissions, and Task Forces

232.                        •Housing Office (HUD)

233.                        •Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor Commission

234.                        •Immigration and Customs Enforcement

235.                        •Indian Affairs, Bureau of

236.                        •Indian Arts and Crafts Board

237.                        •Indian Health Service

238.                        •Industrial College of the Armed Forces

239.                        •Industry and Security, Bureau of

240.                        •Information Resource Management College

241.                        •Information Resources Center

242.                        •Innovation and Improvement Office

243.                        •Inspectors General

244.                        •Institute of Education Sciences

245.                        •Institute of Museum and Library Services

246.                        •Institute of Peace

247.                        •Inter-American Foundation

248.                        •Interagency Alternative Dispute Resolution Working Group

249.                        •Interagency Council on Homelessness

250.                        •Interior Department

251.                        •Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

252.                        •International Labor Affairs, Bureau of

253.                        •International Trade Administration (ITA)

254.                        •International Trade Commission

255.                        •Interpol

256.                        •James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation

257.                        •Japan-United States Friendship Commission

258.                        •Job Corps

259.                        •John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts

260.                        •Joint Board for the Enrollment of Actuaries

261.                        •Joint Chiefs of Staff

262.                        •Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies

263.                        •Joint Fire Science Program

264.                        •Joint Forces Command

265.                        •Joint Forces Staff College

266.                        •Joint Military Intelligence College

267.                        •Judicial Circuit Courts of Appeal

268.                        •Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation

269.                        •Justice Department

270.                        •Justice Programs, Office of

271.                        •Justice Statistics, Bureau of

272.                        •Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of

273.                        •Labor Department (DOL)

274.                        •Labor Statistics, Bureau of

275.                        •Land Management, Bureau of

276.                        •Legal Services Corporation

277.                        •Library of Congress

278.                        •Marine Corps

279.                        •Marine Mammal Commission

280.                        •Maritime Administration

281.                        •Marketing and Regulatory Programs (Agriculture Department)

282.                        •Marshals Service

283.                        •Mediation and Concitiation Service, Office of

284.                        •Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission

285.                        •Medicare Payment Advisory Commission

286.                        •Merit Systems Protection Board

287.                        •Migratory Bird Conservation Commission

288.                        •Military Postal Service Agency

289.                        •Millennium Challenge Corporation

290.                        •Mine Safety and Health Administration

291.                        •Minority Business Development Agency

292.                        •Mint

293.                        •Missile Defense Agency (MDA)

294.                        •Mississippi River Commission

295.                        •Morris K. Udall and Stewart L. Udall Foundation

296.                        •Multifamily Housing Office

297.                        •National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

298.                        •National Agricultural Statistics Service

299.                        •National AIDS Policy Office

300.                        •National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)

301.                        •National Bipartisan Commission on the Future of Medicare

302.                        •National Capital Planning Commission

303.                        •National Cemetery Administration (NCA)

304.                        •National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform

305.                        •National Constitution Center

306.                        •National Council on Disability (NCD)

307.                        •National Counterintelligence Executive, Office of

308.                        •National Credit Union Administration

309.                        •National Defense University

310.                        •National Drug Intelligence Center

311.                        •National Economic Council

312.                        •National Endowment for the Arts

313.                        •National Endowment for the Humanities

314.                        •National Gallery of Art

315.                        •National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency

316.                        •National Guard

317.                        •National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)

318.                        •National Indian Gaming Commission

319.                        •National Institute of Food and Agriculture

320.                        •National Institute of Justice

321.                        •National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

322.                        •National Institutes of Health (NIH)

323.                        •National Interagency Fire Center

324.                        •National Labor Relations Board

325.                        •National Laboratories (Energy Department)

326.                        •National Marine Fisheries Service

327.                        •National Mediation Board

328.                        •National Nuclear Security Administration

329.                        •National Ocean Service

330.                        •National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

331.                        •National Park Foundation

332.                        •National Park Service

333.                        •National Railroad Passenger Corporation (AMTRAK)

334.                        •National Reconnaissance Office

335.                        •National Science Foundation

336.                        •National Security Agency (NSA)

337.                        •National Security Council

338.                        •National Technical Information Service

339.                        •National Telecommunications and Information Administration

340.                        •National Transportation Safety Board

341.                        •National War College

342.                        •National Weather Service (NOAA)

343.                        •Natural Resources Conservation Service

344.                        •Navy

345.                        •Northern Command

346.                        •Northwest Power Planning Council

347.                        •Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology

348.                        •Nuclear Regulatory Commission

349.                        •Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board

350.                        •Oak Ridge National Laboratory

351.                        •Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission

352.                        •Office for Civil Rights, Department of Education

353.                        •Office of Compliance

354.                        •Office of Disability Employment Policy

355.                        •Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (OESE)

356.                        •Office of Government Ethics

357.                        •Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention

358.                        •Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

359.                        •Office of Mediation and Concitiation Service

360.                        •Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)

361.                        •Office of Personnel Management (OPM)

362.                        •Office of Refugee Resettlement

363.                        •Office of Science and Technology Policy

364.                        •Office of Scientific and Technical Information

365.                        •Office of Special Counsel

366.                        •Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC)

367.                        •Office of the Director of National Intelligence

368.                        •Office of the Pardon Attorney

369.                        •Office of Thrift Supervision (OTS)

370.                        •Open World Leadership Center

371.                        •Overseas Private Investment Corporation

372.                        •Pacific Command

373.                        •Pardon Attorney, Office of

374.                        •Parole Commission (Justice Department)

375.                        •Peace Corps

376.                        •Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC)

377.                        •Pentagon Force Protection Agency

378.                        •Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration

379.                        •Policy Development and Research

380.                        •Political Affairs (State Department)

381.                        •Postal Regulatory Commission

382.                        •Postal Service

383.                        •Power Administrations

384.                        •President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports

385.                        •Presidio Trust

386.                        •Prisoner of War/Missing Personnel Office

387.                        •Public and Indian Housing

388.                        •Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs (State Department)

389.                        •Radio and TV Marti (Español)

390.                        •Radio Free Asia (RFA)

391.                        •Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL)

392.                        •Railroad Retirement Board (RRB)

393.                        •Reclamation, Bureau of

394.                        •Refugee Resettlement, Office of

395.                        •Regulatory Information Service Center

396.                        •Rehabilitation Services Administration (Education Department)

397.                        •Research and Innovative Technology Administration

398.                        •Research, Education and Economics (Agriculture Department)

399.                        •Risk Management Agency (Agriculture Department)

400.                        •Rural Business and Cooperative Programs

401.                        •Rural Development

402.                        •Rural Housing Service

403.                        •Rural Utilities Service

404.                        •Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation

405.                        •Science and Technology Policy, Office of

406.                        •Science Office (Energy Department)

407.                        •Scientific and Technical Information, Office of

408.                        •Secret Service

409.                        •Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

410.                        •Selective Service System (SSS)

411.                        •Senate

412.                        •Senate Committees

413.                        •Senate Leadership

414.                        •Senators on the Web

415.                        •Small Business Administration (SBA)

416.                        •Smithsonian Institution

417.                        •Social Security Administration (SSA)

418.                        •Social Security Advisory Board

419.                        •Southeastern Power Administration

420.                        •Southern Command

421.                        •Southwestern Power Administration

422.                        •Special Forces Operations Command

423.                        •State Department

424.                        •State Justice Institute

425.                        •Stennis Center for Public Service

426.                        •Strategic Command

427.                        •Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

428.                        •Supreme Court of the United States

429.                        •Surface Mining, Reclamation and Enforcement

430.                        •Surface Transportation Board

431.                        •Susquehanna River Basin Commission

432.                        •Tax Court

433.                        •Taxpayer Advocacy Panel

434.                        •Tennessee Valley Authority

435.                        •Trade and Development Agency

436.                        •Transportation Command

437.                        •Transportation Department

438.                        •Transportation Security Administration (TSA)

439.                        •Transportation Statistics, Bureau of

440.                        •Treasury Department

441.                        •TRICARE Management

442.                        •Trustee Program (Justice Department)

443.                        •U.S. AbilityOne Commission

444.                        •U.S. Access Board

445.                        •U.S. Capitol Visitor Center

446.                        •U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

447.                        •U.S. Coast Guard

448.                        •U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC)

449.                        •U.S. Election Assistance Commission (EAC)

450.                        •U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

451.                        •U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement

452.                        •U.S. International Trade Commission

453.                        •U.S. Military Academy, West Point

454.                        •U.S. Mission to the United Nations

455.                        •U.S. National Central Bureau - Interpol (Justice Department)

456.                        •U.S. Patent and Trademark Office

457.                        •U.S. Postal Service (USPS)

458.                        •U.S. Sentencing Commission

459.                        •U.S. Trade and Development Agency

460.                        •U.S. Trade Representative

461.                        •Unified Combatant Commands (Defense Department)

462.                        •Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

463.                        •United States Mint

464.                        •Veterans Affairs Department (VA)

465.                        •Veterans Benefits Administration

466.                        •Veterans Day National Committee

467.                        •Veterans' Employment and Training Service

468.                        •Vietnam Educational Foundation

469.                        •Voice of America (VOA)

470.                        •Washington Headquarters Services

471.                        •Weather Service

472.                        •West Point (Army)

473.                        •Western Area Power Administration

474.                        •White House

475.                        •White House Commission on Presidential Scholars

476.                        •White House Commission on the National Moment of Remembrance

477.                        •White House Office of Administration

478.                        •Women's Bureau (Labor Department)

479.                        •Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars